Quelle distance pour planter des arbres fruitiers en espalier ?
La distance de plantation idéale pour les arbres fruitiers en espalier varie selon l’espèce et le porte-greffe utilisé. En général, comptez :
- 2m 50 à 3 m pour les cordons horizontaux doubles et les palmettes 2 étages, afin de former une barrière végétale sans trou
- 40 cm à 50 cm pour les palmettes U simple
- 60 cm à 70 cm pour les palmette U double
- 1m 10 à 1m 20 pour les palmettes Verriers 4 branches
Il est également important de laisser au moins 30-40 cm entre l’arbre et le mur de soutien pour permettre une bonne circulation de l’air.
Comment se caractérise la distance de plantation idéale pour un arbre fruitier ?
Cette distance évite la concurrence entre arbres qui se manifeste au niveau racinaire (eau, nutriments) et aérien (lumière). Des arbres trop proches s’affaiblissent mutuellement, créent de l’ombre favorisant les maladies, et produisent des fruits de moindre qualité.
Les conséquences sont directes : baisse de rendement de 30-50%, fruits moins sucrés, arbres fragilisés et entretien difficile. Un espacement adéquat garantit donc une production optimale et des arbres en bonne santé.
Les 3 règles à respecter en plantation pour ses arbres fruitiers en espalier
1. Choisir l’emplacement approprié : Privilégiez un endroit ensoleillé (6h de soleil minimum), à l’abri des vents forts, avec un sol bien drainé et une exposition sud ou sud-ouest pour la plupart des espèces.
2. Adapter la plantation au sol : Testez le pH de votre terre (idéalement entre 6,5 et 7) et améliorez la structure si nécessaire en ajoutant compost ou amendements, tout en évitant les sols trop humides ou compactés.
3. Soigner la technique de plantation : Creusez un trou 2 fois plus large que la motte, ne pas enterrer le point de greffe, arrosez abondamment à la plantation et paillez le pied pour conserver l’humidité et limiter les mauvaises herbes.
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